The earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation is the Primitive Norse rūnō (accusative singular), found on the Einang stone (350–400 AD) and the Noleby stone (450 AD). It is the source of Gothic rūna ( 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰, 'secret, mystery, counsel'), Old English rún ('whisper, mystery, secret, rune'), Old Saxon rūna ('secret counsel, confidential talk'), Middle Dutch rūne ('id'), Old High German rūna ('secret, mystery'), and Old Norse rún ('secret, mystery, rune'). The name stems from a Proto-Germanic form reconstructed as * rūnō, which may be translated as 'secret, mystery secret conversation rune'. The inscription on the Einang stone (350–400 AD), reading ðagastiz runo faihido ("dguest painted/wrote this runic inscription"), is the earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation of the term. A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via Elbe Germanic groups, while a " Gothic hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic expansion. The oldest inscriptions are found in Denmark and northern Germany.
The process of transmission of the script is unknown. At the time, all of these scripts had the same angular letter shapes suited for epigraphy, which would become characteristic of the runes. Suggestions include Raetic, Venetic, Etruscan, or Old Latin as candidates. Which variant of the Old Italic branch in particular gave rise to the runes is uncertain.
Historically, the runic alphabet is a derivation of the Old Italic scripts of antiquity, with the addition of some innovations. The Younger Futhark developed further into the medieval runes (1100–1500 AD), and the Dalecarlian runes ( c. The Younger Futhark is divided further into the long-branch runes (also called Danish, although they were also used in Norway, Sweden, and Frisia) short-branch or Rök runes (also called Swedish-Norwegian, although they were also used in Denmark) and the stavlösa or Hälsinge runes ( staveless runes). The three best-known runic alphabets are the Elder Futhark (around 150–800 AD), the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400–1100 AD), and the Younger Futhark (800–1100 AD). Until the early 20th century, runes were used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes in northern Europe. The characters were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately 700 AD in central Europe and 1100 AD in northern Europe. The earliest known runic inscriptions date from around 150 AD. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology. Runology is the scholastic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K) the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound-changes undergone in Old English by the names of those six letters). Examples of this are often referred to as Begriffsrunen by academics. In addition to representing a sound value (a phoneme), runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named ( ideographs).
Runes were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets. BCEĪdlam (slight influence from Arabic) 1989 CE
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